Primary school learners across the country face alarming gaps in foundational literacy and numeracy. According to a study by The Action Foundation and government partners, 50.8% of Grade 1 learners and 39% of Grade 3 learners remain at the beginner literacy level, unable to identify the alphabet. Furthermore, 93% of Grade 1 pupils cannot solve simple subtraction, while 70.3% of Grade 3 learners struggle with basic word problems.